Dubai Ramadan Time Table 2023: Cultural Insights
Intro
As the sun dips below the horizon, Muslims around the globe prepare for a month steeped in spirituality and community: Ramadan. In Dubai, this period transcends mere fasting; it blooms into a rich tapestry of culture and tradition, resonating in the hearts of its residents and visitors alike.
Understanding the significance of Ramadan in Dubai requires more than just a cursory glance at prayer times and meal schedules. It calls for an exploration of the daily rituals, community engagements, and the varied culinary delights that take center stage during this holy month. By examining these nuances, one can grasp how Ramadan shapes life in Dubai, an area proudly showcasing modernity while adhering to its deep-rooted traditions.
Moreover, with its booming economy and diverse population, Dubai transforms significantly during Ramadan. From shopping festivals that draw in crowds to the enlightening community events held across the city, there is an undeniable energy that encapsulates this time. For expatriates, real estate investors, and local homeowners, being well-versed in the Ramadan time table and its corresponding cultural practices is crucial for positively navigating their interactions and engagements during this holy month.
In this article, we aim to provide a detailed roadmap of the 2023 Ramadan time table for Dubai while diving into the socio-cultural implications of this sacred month. This will help anyone looking to visit or reside in the city during Ramadan cultivate a deeper understanding and strengthen their bond with the local culture.
As we journey through this guide, we’ll also touch upon how Ramadan influences various aspects of living in Dubai, including community events, dining experiences, and the overall vibrant lifestyle that emerges during this sacred time.
Let’s delve into the details that make Ramadan in Dubai both unique and significant.
Understanding Ramadan in Dubai
Ramadan, the holy month of fasting, has a unique flavor in Dubai, shaped by its rich cultural tapestry and modern influences. Understanding Ramadan in Dubai is crucial for both residents and visitors, as it delves into the spiritual practices, social norms, and lifestyle shifts that define this sacred time. Awareness of these elements can enhance one’s experience during the month, offering insights into the community's values and traditions.
Historical Context
To appreciate the significance of Ramadan in Dubai, one must consider its historical roots. The tradition of fasting during this month stems from Islamic teachings, believed to be established over 1,400 years ago. It reflects a time when the Quran was first revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. Over centuries, the observance has evolved, yet the core values—spiritual reflection, devotion, and community—remain intact.
Traditional practices around Ramadan in Dubai have been influenced by various Bedouin customs, as well as the cosmopolitan nature of the city, which welcomes a myriad of cultures. These influences shape not only the practices of Muslim residents but also how expatriates engage with the festivities, creating a diverse tapestry of celebrations and observances.
Cultural Significance
Ramadan in Dubai is not purely a religious observance; it also serves as a cultural cornerstone. The month acts as a period for families and communities to come together, transcending the daily hustle. Streets are adorned with lights, and mosques resonate with prayers, creating an atmosphere that is both spiritual and communal.
Local customs, such as the breaking of fast known as Iftar, are marked by communal gatherings, often featuring a sumptuous spread of national and regional dishes. The culinary aspect during Ramadan is profound, revealing a blend of traditional Emirati fare and meals inspired by the diverse expatriate communities.
Moreover, the cultural significance of Ramadan extends to charitable endeavors. Many residents engage in giving, whether through food donations or financial contributions, reflecting the essence of generosity that is central to Islam. Thus, Ramadan is a time where the community spirit is palpable, with individuals coming together in acts of kindness.
Religious Observances
Religious observances during Ramadan in Dubai are profound and thoughtfully integrated into daily life. Fasting from dawn until sunset is observed rigorously, with suhoor, the pre-dawn meal, holding importance as it prepares individuals for the day ahead. The fast is broken at sunset with Iftar, which is often a grand event, bringing people together to share food and blessings.
In addition to fasting, nightly prayers known as Tarawih become routine for many, where additional prayers are held at mosques after the last of the five daily prayers. This practice is a chance to deepen spiritual connection and community engagement. Each night, as the Quran is recited, participants are reminded of the teachings and values that underpin Islam.
Engaging in these practices during Ramadan not only enriches personal faith but also fosters communal bonds, making the month a transformative period for many.
Understanding the historical context, cultural significance, and religious observances of Ramadan in Dubai equips individuals with a deeper appreciation of this holy month, creating opportunities for connection and respect among its diverse population.
Key Dates of Ramadan
The key dates of Ramadan 2023 play a vital role in understanding the rhythms and practices that define this sacred month. Knowing when Ramadan begins, ends, and the specific timing of celebrations helps residents and visitors navigate daily life in Dubai, as schedules shift and traditions bloom.
Understanding these dates is essential not just for observant Muslims, but for expatriates, tourists, and business owners. As the culture around Ramadan influences local customs and social interactions, a grasp of the timing allows everyone to participate more fully in the fabric of life in Dubai during this important period.
Notably, the dates can slightly vary based on lunar sightings. Therefore, it's wise to stay informed through local sources to accurately mark these days.
Start Date
The expected start date for Ramadan in 2023 is March 23. This date may vary depending on the moon sighting, which is central to Islamic traditions. The beginning of Ramadan is often marked with special announcements from local religious authorities, creating a buzz across the city. As the first light of dawn appears on that day, Muslims will commence their fast, abstaining from food and drink until sunset.
In Dubai, the atmosphere during the start of Ramadan is palpable. Streets are adorned with lights, and local markets prepare to cater to the public with traditional foods. Suhoor, the pre-dawn meal, becomes a focus, with families and friends gathering early to nourish themselves before the day begins. The start of Ramadan is not only about the act of fasting but also about community, connection, and spiritual reflection.
End Date
Anticipated to conclude around April 21, the end date of Ramadan holds significance as it ushers in a time of festivity and gratitude. As the month wraps up, many engage in intensified prayers and charitable acts, finishing the last few days with heightened devotion.
This period of reflection is deeply rooted in tradition. People often make efforts to cleanse any misdoings during the month, striving to emerge spiritually renewed. As the end approaches, the feeling of anticipation for Eid al-Fitr becomes tangible, with many excitedly preparing for the celebrations ahead.
Eid al-Fitr Celebration
Eid al-Fitr, the grand celebration that follows the end of Ramadan on April 21, symbolizes joy and gratitude. The holiday marks the conclusion of fasting, and it is observed with full hearts and, importantly, generosity. Families gather for festive meals, exchange gifts, and often donate to charity, reflecting the spirit of giving that Ramadan nurtures.
In Dubai, the Eid celebrations are vibrant, with public displays including fireworks, special cultural performances, and markets filled with seasonal goods. Special prayers are held at mosques, bringing the community together in a collective sense of joy and unity.
"Eid is not just about breaking the fast; it's also a time for uniting and forging connections, much like the threads in a tapestry that make the design whole."
Overall, the key dates of Ramadan 2023 provide a structure that empowers individuals and communities alike to share in the blessings of the month. With plans in place for the start, confirmation of the end, and exuberance for Eid al-Fitr, residents and visitors alike can immerse themselves in this culturally rich period.
Daily Fasting Schedule
The daily fasting schedule during Ramadan is a fundamental aspect of this holy month, drawing attention not just for its religious significance but also for how it influences the daily lives of people in Dubai. Fasting from dawn until sunset serves not only as a spiritual practice but also as a period for self-reflection and community bonding. In understanding this schedule, one gains insights into both the challenges and the enriching experiences that come with the observance of Ramadan.
Suhoor Timing
Suhoor, the pre-dawn meal, is essentially the last meal consumed before the day-long fast begins. Its timing is crucial; it is typically scheduled to take place before the Fajr prayer. In 2023, Suhoor is likely to be served around 4:30 AM, just a few minutes before the breaking of dawn. This can vary slightly based on the specific day, so it's key for those observing to check local prayer times.
Eating a nutritious Suhoor is imperative, as it provides the necessary energy to sustain individuals throughout the day. Foods that are high in protein and complex carbohydrates are advisable, but consuming plenty of water is just as critical. The value of a good Suhoor cannot be overstated; not only does it help maintain energy levels, it also sets the right tone for a day of fasting.
Iftar Timing
Iftar, the meal to break the fast, is often one of the most anticipated moments of the day during Ramadan. Typically, Iftar is practiced immediately after the Maghrib prayer, which falls just after sunset. In Dubai, 2023 is expected to see Iftar time around 6:45 PM. It should be noted that local mosques often announce the exact time in unison with the call to prayer.
Breaking the fast is often done with dates and water, adhering to tradition, before proceeding to more elaborate home-cooked meals or restaurant fare. Gathering with family and friends for Iftar enhances the communal spirit characteristic of Ramadan, as many people choose to share meals in larger gatherings, often at community tents or mosques.
Variations by Day
The Ramadan fasting schedule is not set in stone; it varies slightly each day, primarily due to the shifting timing of sunrise and sunset. Generally, each day's Fajr and Maghrib prayers will be observed at slightly different times throughout the month, resulting in the gradual lengthening of fasting hours. For instance, in the early days of Ramadan, fasting might last around 13 hours, but as the month progresses, this can extend to 14 to 15 hours.
This gradual change in timing means that individuals need to stay regularly updated on prayer times. Various mobile applications and community calendars offer this information, making it easier for everyone to maintain their fasting schedules.
In summary, the daily fasting schedule during Ramadan is one of the most sacred aspects of the month, deeply influencing the daily routines of many in Dubai. By monitoring Suhoor and Iftar times, individuals can ensure a more fulfilling spiritual experience while navigating life in a vibrant city.
Special Events and Celebrations
In the context of Ramadan in Dubai, special events and celebrations play a quintessential role in bringing communities together. This aspect not only highlights the spiritual essence of fasting but also fosters a sense of unity among residents and visitors alike. During this month, a tapestry of cultural and communal activities unfolds, providing a rich experience that resonates with both the local and expatriate populations. The events are designed to reflect the values of compassion, charity, and community spirit which are central to the observance of Ramadan.
Community Gatherings
Community gatherings during Ramadan are not just social events; they represent the heartbeat of the city’s spirit during the holy month. Whether it’s families coming together for Iftar at local parks or large-scale community feasts held in various neighborhoods, these gatherings cultivate a sense of belonging. Many organizations, such as the Dubai Municipality and local mosques, often arrange open Iftar events where people from all walks of life are welcome— irrespective of their faith, encouraging a culture of inclusivity.
Benefits of these gatherings extend beyond mere socialization. They create opportunities for networking, where expatriates can meet natives and new friendships blossom across cultural lines. The open atmosphere brings a festive vibe, with special decorations adorning streets and public places, contributing to an overall vibrant environment. Local markets often gain traction, with stalls providing traditional delicacies, thus supporting small businesses within the community.
Cultural Performances
Cultural performances during Ramadan not only serve as entertainment but also act as a means to educate and share Emirati traditions with a broader audience. Events showcasing music, poetry, dance, and theatrical performances provide a platform for artists to display their talents while honoring the heritage of the UAE. Venues such as the Dubai Opera frequently host Ramadan-themed shows that attract both locals and tourists, ensuring that the culture of the Emirate remains alive.
These performances often highlight stories from Emirati folklore and historical contexts, enriching the understanding of Ramadan's significance. By attending these events, individuals may gain a deeper appreciation for the values promoted during Ramadan—like compassion and charity—demonstrating how these historical narratives are woven into the fabric of contemporary society.
Charitable Events
Charitable events are a hallmark of Ramadan, synonymous with the spirit of giving that permeates this holy month. Dubai is renowned for its generosity, and numerous initiatives reflect this ethos. Many local foundations and charitable organizations organize food distribution drives, fundraising events, and awareness campaigns to support those in need.
Part of the charm of these charitable events is their emotional impact. Something as simple as a community iftar that provides meals to the less fortunate can create ripples of hope and compassion. Participating in or sponsoring these events helps strengthen community ties while reinforcing the values of empathy and generosity that Ramadan celebrates.
Impact on Daily Life in Dubai
The holy month of Ramadan has a profound impact on the daily life in Dubai, shaping not just the routines of its residents but also influencing the city’s vibrant culture. Fasting from dawn to sunset, engaging in prayers, and participating in community events infuse the atmosphere with a sense of spirituality and unity. As the sun sets, the bustling streets shift gears, filled with delectable smells wafting from homes and restaurants during iftar. This month fosters a unique sense of camaraderie among diverse communities, where both Muslims and non-Muslims come together to celebrate and share experiences.
Changes in Work Hours
During Ramadan, it is common for businesses in Dubai to adjust their working hours. Many offices and shops will operate shorter hours, often starting later in the day and finishing earlier to accommodate those who are fasting. For instance, government offices may operate from 9 AM to 2 PM, while private firms could have varying schedules that align more closely with the needs of their employees. This flexibility is crucial, as it allows many the opportunity to balance professional responsibilities while engaging in spiritual obligations. Furthermore, it’s essential for expatriates and visitors to be aware of these changes, especially when planning meetings or social commitments.
Public Behavior Guidelines
Public decorum shifts notably during Ramadan due to the heightened spirituality and atmosphere of fasting. It is advised to respect those who are fasting by refraining from eating, drinking, or smoking in public spaces at least from dawn until sunset. Additionally, maintaining a level of respect in terms of loud music and public displays of affection is encouraged. Non-compliance can lead to legal repercussions, as authorities take such matters seriously during this month.
"Ramadan is not just about abstaining from food; it’s a time for introspection, community, and kindness."
Engaging in positive actions like charity work or volunteering also gains popularity, embodying the true essence of Ramadan.
Tourist Considerations
For those visiting Dubai during Ramadan, it’s important to be mindful of the customs and practices in place. Whether it’s a leisurely stroll through the malls or visiting local attractions, tourists should respect the local culture by adhering to fasting hours and customs. Many hotels and restaurants in Dubai do offer iftar buffets and special Ramadan meals, allowing visitors to indulge in traditional cuisine while experiencing the communal aspect of breaking the fast. Also, tourists should ensure they are aware of the limited operating hours of some venues during this period, and plan their activities accordingly.
Making an effort to understand and appreciate these cultural nuances can enhance the experience of visiting Dubai during Ramadan, as this month encapsulates the spirit of the city, blending tradition with modernity.
Culinary Experiences During Ramadan
Culinary experiences during Ramadan hold a significant role in the holy month, especially in a diverse city like Dubai. Food not only nourishes the body but also brings people together and strengthens community bonds. As the sun sets, families and friends gather around the Iftar table to break their fast and share a meal, turning what could be a solemn moment into a lively festive occasion. Furthermore, the variety of dishes prepared during this time reflects the melting pot of cultures that Dubai embodies.
Popular Iftar Dishes
Iftar marks a crucial time for indulgence after a long day of fasting. Traditional dishes take center stage, and you'll find an array of flavors and aromas filling the air. Some favorite Iftar dishes in Dubai include:
- Dates: Typically, the fast is broken with dates and water. This is not only traditional but provides essential energy after a day without food.
- Luqaimat: These sweet dumplings, drizzled with syrup, are a must-try and showcase local culinary heritage.
- Shorbat: Various soups, particularly lentil soup, are served to prepare the stomach for the upcoming meal.
- Biryani: This fragrant rice dish, often mixed with chicken or lamb and infused with spices, is popular among many families.
- Fattoush and Tabbouleh: Fresh salads loaded with seasonal vegetables balance out the heavier dishes.
Breaking the fast with these delicacies provides a feast for both the palate and the soul, often resulting in lively discussions and laughter around the table.
Suhoor Recommendations
Suhoor is the pre-dawn meal that sustains individuals through the fasting day ahead. It’s important to choose food wisely for optimal energy and hydration. Here are some recommendations for a balanced suhoor:
- Oatmeal with Fruits: Provides energy and keeps you feeling full for a longer period.
- Yogurt and Honey: Offers probiotics for gut health along with a delicious taste.
- Wholegrain Bread with Avocado: This combination gives healthy fats and fiber, great for energy release.
- Smoothies: Blending fruits with milk or yogurt ensures hydration and nourishment.
- Nuts: A handful of nuts provides protein and healthy fats to sustain you during the fast.
Eating right at this hour can make all the difference in maintaining your energy levels.
Dining Options
Dubai offers an impressive variety of dining options during Ramadan, catering to both those observing the fast and those who are not. Here are a few notable options:
- Buffet Iftar Experiences: Many high-end hotels sharpen their culinary skills to present lavish buffet spreads. Places like the Burj Al Arab and Atlantis The Palm are known for their extravagant Iftar buffets filled with international cuisine.
- Street Food Vendors: The built-in charm of street food comes alive in Ramadan, where vendors whip up fresh, traditional meals that you can enjoy casually with friends.
- Community Iftars: Many community centers and mosques organize Iftar meals that welcome everyone, regardless of their faith, promoting inclusivity.
- Takeaway and Delivery Options: For those who prefer dining at home, numerous restaurants have tailored their menus for easy ordering and delivery during the month.
These experiences not only satiate hunger but also create opportunities to bond with friends and family while exploring the culinary rich tapestries of the region.
In the vibrant culinary scene of Dubai during Ramadan, food acts as a bridge between the past and present, tradition and modernity, inviting everyone to join in the celebration of life and togetherness.
For further reading on Dubai and its rich culinary heritage, visit Britannica.
Shopping Trends During Ramadan
Ramadan brings about a distinctive flavor to the shopping landscape in Dubai. As the holy month approaches, the retail environment transforms, giving rise to unique trends that can greatly affect both consumers and business owners. Understanding these trends is crucial for investors, expats, and other stakeholders in Dubai's bustling economy.
The shopping sector experiences a significant surge in activity during Ramadan. This year's theme seems to revolve around community, tradition, and celebration, all drawing customers to retail outlets. From promotions to foot traffic, various elements play into how shopping changes during this time, creating a lively yet contemplative atmosphere.
Ramadan Promotions
Every Ramadan, retailers pull out all the stops to attract shoppers. Discounts and special offers abound in stores, providing a beacon for those looking for great deals as they prepare for the Iftar feasts and Eid celebrations. Some stores offer bundled food items, which cater to the traditions of breaking fast and celebrating with family and friends. Furthermore, many vendors take this opportunity to showcase unique Ramadan-themed products.
Here are key elements related to promotions during Ramadan in Dubai:
- Special Sales: Marked price reductions on food items, clothing, and electronics are common. Shoppers will often find exclusive Ramadan collections and gifts designed specifically for the month.
- Loyalty Programs: Many retailers enhance their loyalty programs with added benefits, encouraging customers to return frequently.
- Cultural Celebrations: Promotional events often include traditional cultural performances, making shopping an enriching experience.
Increased Foot Traffic
The atmosphere in Dubai's shopping centers buzzes with energy during Ramadan. The winding paths of malls become bustling corridors filled with families and friends, all eager to shop and celebrate. The increase in foot traffic can be attributed to several factors:
- Extended Store Hours: Retailers often adapt their hours to accommodate nighttime shopping after Iftar, attracting more night owls.
- Community Spirit: Shopping becomes a collective activity, akin to a social outing where people join friends and family, reinforcing community ties.
- Cultural Events: Many malls and souks host various events, such as music performances and art exhibitions, further enticing visitors to explore shops and eateries.
Gift-Giving Traditions
Gift-giving resonates deeply during Ramadan. It's a gesture of goodwill, reflecting community ties and shared experiences. In Dubai, this practice is elevated as residents often purchase gifts for friends, neighbors, and charitable causes.
Considerations regarding gift-giving include:
- Types of Gifts: Many opt for baskets filled with dates, sweets, perfumes, or decorative items, all symbolizing generosity and hospitality.
- Charitable Donations: Giving to charity is emphasized, and many shoppers specifically buy items to donate to those in need during the month.
- Personal Touch: Customization is preferred; from personalized gifts to locally crafted items, shoppers are leaning towards finding thoughtful and meaningful tokens.
As the moon crescendos throughout Ramadan, these shopping trends become more pronounced. Understanding the shifts in consumer behavior, spending habits, and cultural practices provides an informed perspective for anyone interested in navigating this unique period in Dubai.
Health and Well-being During Ramadan
Understanding health and well-being during Ramadan is paramount, especially for those observing fasting practices in Dubai, where life is intertwined with both cultural rhythms and scientific urban demands. As people transition into a month of spiritual reflection, the way they care for their bodies and minds also takes precedence. The significance of health cannot be overstated during this period, as fasting shifts one’s daily routines, eating habits, and physical activity.
Nutrition Tips for Fasting
To maintain vitality and stamina throughout the month, a conscientious approach to nutrition is essential. Here are some tips for fasting individuals:
- Hydration: Before the fast begins, it is crucial to hydrate adequately during Iftar and Suhoor. Drinking plenty of water is a simple yet effective way to avoid dehydration.
- Balanced Meals: Incorporate a variety of foods during non-fasting hours. Include complex carbohydrates, proteins, and fibers. Dishes like lentil soup or chickpea salads provide sustenance and energy.
- Avoid Sugary Foods: While it's tempting to indulge in sweets post-fast, excessive sugar can lead to rapid energy spikes followed by crashes. Opt for dates and fruits as healthier alternatives to replenish energy.
- Moderation is Key: It’s easy to overeat after hours of fasting, but consuming food in moderation helps maintain digestive health. Portion control can aid in feeling lighter and more energetic.
Instead of treating Suhoor and Iftar as mere meals, see them as opportunities to cherish the food that fuels your body.
Physical Activity Considerations
Engaging in physical exercise during Ramadan can be tricky but not impossible. The challenge lies in balancing activity levels with fasting. Consider these pointers:
- Timing Matters: Opt for light activities right after Iftar when energy levels are replenished, or early in the morning before Suhoor when fasting is still in effect.
- Low-Impact Exercises: Activities like walking or gentle yoga can keep you active without exhausting your body. Avoid strenuous workouts that may lead to fatigue or dehydration.
- Listen to Your Body: Everyone reacts differently to fasting. If you find yourself feeling unusually tired or dizzy, do not push through—rest is just as important as exercise.
Exercise during Ramadan doesn’t need to vanish; it's about smart scheduling to ensure your body sustains its energy and health.
Mental Well-being Practices
The spiritual journey of Ramadan offers a chance for personal growth and reflection. However, the changes can also induce stress, especially in bustling cities like Dubai. Thus, mental health practices should not be neglected:
- Mindfulness and Meditation: Set aside time each day for mindfulness. This could be a few moments of meditation to reconnect, strengthen focus, and boost emotional resilience.
- Community Engagement: Finding support through family or community events can invigorate your spirit. Socializing during Iftar can improve your mood and provide a sense of belonging.
- Set Realistic Goals: Avoid putting additional pressure on yourself—whether it’s aiming for acts of charity or simply managing daily tasks. Setting achievable goals helps maintain motivation without overwhelming oneself.
As you embark on your Ramadan journey, remember that your health—both physically and mentally—is your greatest asset.
Culmination: Observing Ramadan in Dubai
Ramadan in Dubai offers more than just a schedule to follow; it presents an opportunity to engage deeply with culture and spirituality. As this holy month unfolds, the vibrancy of life in this city resonates differently. The fast becomes a common thread that binds communities, sparking both introspection and connection among individuals and groups alike. Understanding the nuances of this time gives residents and visitors alike a chance to participate meaningfully in local customs and build relationships within the multi-faceted society that is Dubai.
Reflecting on the Spiritual Journey
The essence of Ramadan lies in its spiritual journey. Observers frequently find that beyond merely abstaining from food and drink, the month serves as a time of self-discipline, reflection, and prayer. The fast is characterized by a sense of stillness and purpose, allowing individuals to examine personal growth and aspirations. Many engage in nightly prayers at the mosque, embodying the spirit of unity and community.
Though the communal experience is a significant aspect, personal enlightenment also plays a role. Here, moments spent in quiet contemplation often reveal deeper layers of values and beliefs. Advantages of this introspective journey include:
- Enhanced spiritual connection: Many fast to cultivate a closer relationship with their faith.
- Personal development: Individuals share experiences that mold character and build resilience.
- Community bonding: Engagement through shared rituals strengthens ties between neighbors and new friends.
Anticipating Eid Celebrations
As Ramadan draws to a close, there’s a palpable excitement in the air, and that anticipation manifests into grand celebrations known as Eid al-Fitr. This day not only signifies the end of fasting but is a joyous occasion marked by vibrant festivities, including family gatherings, feasting, and giving to charity. For many, it is a moment to reflect on the past month and celebrate achievements in embracing spirituality.
Eid festivities encapsulate cultural richness, such as:
- The Sweets and Traditional Dishes: Every family might have its unique touch, featuring delicacies that are cherished and sometimes even passed down through generations.
- Communal Prayers: Large assemblies at mosques embody the strong sense of community.
- Festive Attire: Wearing new or traditional garments emphasizes the significance of the occasion.
While Eid symbolizes celebration, it also emphasizes charitable giving. The practice of giving Zakat (charity) reinforces community spirit and ensures that everyone can partake in the joy of the day. Ultimately, Eid al-Fitr is a beautiful blend of faith, culture, and connection that showcases the heart of Dubai’s diverse social fabric.
